HISTORY REFERENCE NOTES FOR BOTH ACSEE AND CSEE

https://xml.qualiclicks.com/redirect?feed=697399&auth=PILk&url=http://historyreferencenotes.blogspot.com&subid=  The establishment of peasant agricultural systems in colonial Africa was influenced by various factors. Here are six of them: 1. **Colonial Economic Policies**: Colonial powers implemented agricultural policies that prioritized the production of cash crops for export, often at the expense of subsistence farming. The colonial administration encouraged or enforced the cultivation of crops such as cocoa, coffee, cotton, and rubber for export to generate revenue for the colonial economy. This focus on cash crops led to the marginalization of subsistence agriculture and the establishment of peasant agricultural systems geared towards meeting colonial economic demands. 2. **Land Tenure Systems**: Colonial powers introduced land tenure systems that favored European settlers and commercial interests at the expense of indigenous communities. Land was often expropriated fr

here are six factors that determined the forms of decolonization in Africa: 1. Colonial Legacy and Policies: The forms of decolonization in Africa were influenced by the colonial legacy and policies of European powers. Each colonial power had its own approach to governance, administration, and economic exploitation, which shaped the conditions and dynamics of decolonization. For example, British colonies like Ghana and Kenya experienced relatively peaceful transitions to independence due to a legacy of indirect rule and gradual political reforms, while French colonies like Algeria and Madagascar faced more protracted and violent struggles for independence due to a history of assimilationist policies and repression. 2. Nationalist Movements and Resistance: Decolonization in Africa was driven by nationalist movements and resistance against colonial rule. These movements varied in their ideologies, strategies, and goals but shared a common desire for self-determination, independence

France applied the assimilation policy in its African colonies for several reasons: 1. Cultural Superiority: The assimilation policy was rooted in the belief of French cultural and civilizational superiority. French colonial administrators viewed assimilation as a means to "civilize" and "Frenchify" the indigenous populations by imposing French language, customs, laws, and institutions. This approach was seen as a way to elevate the status of the colonized peoples and integrate them into the French nation. 2. Political Control: Assimilation served as a mechanism for maintaining political control and consolidating French authority over the colonies. By assimilating indigenous populations into French culture and governance structures, colonial administrators aimed to create a loyal and cohesive citizenry that identified with France and its institutions. This facilitated the extension of French political, administrative, and legal systems into the colonies, reinforcing

 Internal Factors for Independence in Africa: Rising nationalism: Many African intellectuals and politicians who had been educated in the West began to see the contradictions of Western imperialism, resulting in a growing desire among Africans for political and economic self-determination. Emergence of strong local leaders: Many African countries had emerged with strong local leaders who were committed to national independence movements such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya. Urbanization: Industrialization and urbanization of Africa led to the formation of an educated African middle class that was eager to see changes in the political and economic landscape of the continent. Political Instability: European colonial powers often created divisions between different ethnic groups, which led to political instability and economic underdevelopment. This internal strife often led to calls for self-determination and independence. Eli

 The war between Tanzania and Uganda, also known as the Uganda–Tanzania War, occurred between 1978 and 1979. Here are some of the reasons for the war: Border disputes: Uganda claimed part of the Kagera Salient in northwest Tanzania, which led to tensions between the two countries. Idi Amin's aggressive foreign policy: Uganda's dictator, Idi Amin, pursued an aggressive foreign policy and supported several armed groups that were opposed to Tanzania's President Julius Nyerere. Tanzania's support for exiled Ugandan politicians: Tanzania provided a safe haven for Ugandan opposition politicians who had been forced into exile by the Amin regime. Economic factors: Uganda accused Tanzania of supporting rebels who were disrupting transportation on the Kampala-Mwanza Highway, which was an important economic lifeline for Uganda's economy. Power struggle within the East African Community: The conflict also reflected a broader power struggle between Tanzania an

 The Berlin Conference was held in 1884-1885, and it was attended by representatives of most major European powers. The conference was called to establish rules for the partition and colonization of Africa. The following are the main resolutions of the Berlin Conference: The European powers agreed to respect the freedom of trade and commerce in the Congo Basin and the Niger and Congo Rivers. The powers agreed to establish the principle of effective occupation, meaning that a European power had to demonstrate that it had established effective control over a territory before it could claim ownership. The powers agreed to suppress the slave trade and slavery in the territories they controlled. The powers established the boundaries and spheres of influence of their colonies in Africa. The conference did not take into account the territorial and ethnic diversity of Africa, leading to arbitrary borders that divided ethnic groups and created lasting conflicts. The conference ig

 The Boer trek was a movement of Dutch farmers in the early 19th century, who moved northward to escape British rule and the abolition of slavery. The reasons and effects of the Boer trek are as follows: Reasons: British annexation: The British annexed the Cape Colony, which was previously ruled by the Dutch Boers and introduced laws that abolished slavery. Overcrowding: The Boers were facing considerable overcrowding in the Cape Colony, which made it difficult for them to farm effectively. Political differences: The Boers had a different political system from the British, which caused tension between the two groups. Effects: Formation of independent Boer republics: The Boers formed independent republics, such as the Orange Free State and Transvaal, where they could govern themselves without British interference. Increased Boer nationalism: The Boers developed a strong sense of nationalism and pride in their cultural identity. Conflicts with indigenous populations

 Industrialization: With the rise of industrialization, many people were no longer financially dependent on slavery. Enlightenment ideas: The ideology of the Enlightenment period highlighted the importance of individual rights, equality, and liberty for all. This led to the questioning of slavery as a moral and ethical issue. The rise of abolitionist movements: From the early 18th century, groups of antislavery advocates began to emerge, which intensified the call for the abolition of the slave trade. Economic factors: The profits from the slave trade began to decline in the second half of the 18th century. More profitable economic activities such as the Industrial Revolution replaced slavery as a way to generate wealth. Slave resistance: Slave revolts in various parts of the world, such as the Haitian Revolution, showed that slaves were capable of fighting for their freedom and inspired antislavery advocates. International pressure: Many nations prohibited the sl

 Explorers played a key role in the colonization of Africa which occurred primarily during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of the roles of explorers in the colonization of Africa are: Mapping of Africa: Explorers were able to provide maps and information about Africa which enabled colonial powers to better control and exploit the continent. Establishing trade relations: Explorers established trade relations with African communities, some of which led to the establishment of colonies in those areas. Gathering intelligence: Explorers provided information on the geography, resources, and people of Africa which informed colonial policies and actions. Scientific research: Many explorers were also scientists who conducted research on the flora, fauna, and geology of Africa. This helped to promote the study of African natural history and brought knowledge of African resources and biodiversity to the attention of colonial powers. Expeditions to claim territory: Explorers

 Access to natural resources: Europe had abundant supplies of coal, iron, timber, and other natural resources that were necessary for industrialization. Advances in technology: During the Industrial Revolution, innovations such as the steam engine, power loom, and spinning jenny transformed the manufacturing process and allowed for mass production. Investment capital: The growth of European banking and financial systems enabled entrepreneurs to secure the investment capital needed to start factories and businesses. Trade networks: Europe's well-established trade networks enabled the movement of goods and resources between regions, allowing for specialization and the growth of industrial centers. Government policies: Some European governments provided incentives for industrialization, such as tariffs on imported goods or investments in infrastructure like transportation and communication networks. Population growth: The increasing populations of Europe provided a larg

 The British implemented indirect rule in their colonies for several reasons: 1. Cost-effectiveness: Indirect rule allowed the British to govern vast territories with minimal administrative costs. By using local rulers and existing traditional structures, they saved on resources and personnel. 2. Cultural respect: It aimed to maintain indigenous customs, traditions, and local power structures, leveraging local rulers or elites to govern on behalf of the British. This approach reduced resistance and preserved cultural norms, making it easier to govern diverse regions. 3. Administrative ease: Indigenous rulers already held authority and knowledge of local affairs. By utilizing their expertise, the British could manage their colonies more efficiently without having to control every aspect of governance themselves. 4. Political stability: Indirect rule helped to stabilize the colonies by employing local leaders who often had a better understanding of the populace, reducing the likel

 The scramble for and partition of Africa in the late 19th century was mostly driven by the following factors: Economic Interests: European countries were seeking new markets for their industrial goods and new sources of raw materials for their factories. Africa was seen as a potential source of these resources. Political Ambition: European powers were seeking colonial territories to expand their empires and gain prestige. Missionary Activities: Christian missionaries saw Africa as a new mission field to spread Christianity. Technological Advancements: During the Industrial Revolution, European countries had developed new technologies such as steamships, which made it easier to transport goods and people, and firearms that gave the Europeans an advantage over the African armies. Scientific Racism: European scholars believed that the white race was superior and that it was their duty to civilize the "inferior" Africans. The Berlin Conference: The conference was held in

 Afro Americans were denied their rights through various institutional and societal practices, including: Slavery: For centuries, Afro Americans were forcibly brought to America and sold as slaves, which denied them their basic human rights. Jim Crow Laws: After the Civil War, Southern states implemented laws that mandated segregation in schools, public buildings, and transportation. They were also denied the right to vote and have access to good jobs. Systematic Racism: Even after slavery was abolished, Afro Americans continued to face discrimination in housing, employment, education, and criminal justice systems. Police Brutality: Afro Americans have been subjected to police brutality, which takes the form of excessive use of force, racial profiling, and killings. Mass Incarceration: The War on Drugs, which began in the 1980s, saw a disproportionate number of Afro Americans being arrested and incarcerated for non-violent drug offenses, leading to mass incarceration. Overall, A

 Marcus Garvey played a significant role in promoting and mobilizing people of African descent in the New World, including Afro-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Afro-Latinos. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914, which aimed to unite all people of African descent worldwide and promote their social, political, and economic empowerment. Garvey believed that African Americans and people of African descent worldwide were suffering from a lack of self-confidence and a sense of inferiority due to the legacy of slavery and colonialism. He advocated for a return to African cultural heritage and emphasized the importance of Black pride and self-determination. Through the UNIA, Garvey inspired and empowered people of African descent by encouraging them to embrace their culture, identity, and history. He urged them to be proud of their dark skin and reject the European beauty standards that had been imposed upon them. Garvey also promoted the establishment o

 People of Africa who were brought to the New World as slaves did not have citizenship or political rights. Therefore, they did not contribute directly to America's independence from Britain. However, African slaves and their descendants played an essential role in the revolutionary movement towards American independence. Some of the ways in which people of African descent contributed to the American struggle for independence include: Participation in the military: Thousands of African men, both free and enslaved, served in the Continental Army and the state militias during the American Revolution. Many acted as soldiers, sailors, or support staff helping the American forces against the British. While serving in the military, African-Americans gained opportunities to learn new skills that enabled them to support and contribute to the economic development of the new American nation. The African American slaves' willingness to escape to join the British cause and the gener

 As an AI language model, I do not have personal beliefs or experiences. However, here are some ways historical accounts show that people in the New World fought for their rights: Protests and demonstrations: People in the New World often organized protests and demonstrations to voice their concerns and demands for their rights. These protests often included various activities such as rallies, sit-ins, and marches. Boycotts: People in the New World often used boycotts as a means of protest. They would refuse to purchase or use products or services that they believed were unethical or exploited their rights. Legal action: Many people in the New World fought for their rights through the legal system. They would file lawsuits or complaints with the courts, seeking justice for their grievances. Civil disobedience: Civil disobedience involved breaking laws or regulations deemed unjust, including disrupting government activities, going on hunger strikes or chaining themselves to publi

As an AI language model, I don't have personal opinions and views. However, some of the common problems that African people face in the new world include: Discrimination: Some Africans face discrimination based on their race and ethnicity, making them feel excluded from the society they live in. Cultural differences: African people may face difficulties adapting to the new cultural and social norms of the society they now live in. Lack of access to education and healthcare: In some areas, Africans may struggle to access quality education and healthcare services, which can impact their overall quality of life. Economic challenges: Many Africans in the new world face economic challenges such as unemployment, poverty, and lack of access to credit and financial resources. Language barriers: Some African individuals may face language barriers when communicating with others, which can make integration into the new society more challenging. Stereotyping: Africans may face unfair st

 The forced migration of Africans to the New World can be attributed to several factors, including: Economic motives: The transatlantic slave trade was driven by the demand for cheap labor to work on the sugar plantations, cotton fields, and mines of the New World. European colonizers needed large numbers of workers to extract valuable resources from their colonies and this demand led to the capture and sale of Africans as slaves. Racism: Europeans viewed African people as inferior, and this racist ideology played a crucial role in the justification of slavery and the treatment of enslaved Africans. Many Europeans believed that Africans were subhuman and could be treated as property, which made it easier to dehumanize them and to justify their enslavement. Political dominance: Europeans used their military power to control and dominate African countries and exploit their resources. They used forceful means such as wars and colonization, which resulted in the capture and transpor

 As an AI language model, I do not have personal beliefs or feelings. However, below are some reasons for Ngoni migration that have been historically documented: Environmental factors: The Ngoni people were originally from southeastern Africa and experienced periods of drought and famine. Environmental factors such as climate change and soil degradation made it difficult for them to survive in their original location, motivating them to migrate to better areas. Population pressure: The Ngoni were a warrior tribe that engaged in frequent conflicts with their neighboring ethnic groups. Over time, their population increased, leading to a shortage of land, resources, and food, so they were forced to migrate in search of greener pastures. Islamic influence: During the early 19th century, Islam was on the rise in eastern Africa, and some Ngoni groups converted to Islam. This conversion led to increased conflict and persecution from their non-Muslim neighbors, causing them to flee thei

 Metals were significant for the Harappans because they allowed them to produce stronger and more durable tools and weapons. Metal tools were more effective in tasks like cutting wood, carving stone, and crafting objects with more precision than tools made of stone or bone. Writing was essential for communication among the Harappans and recording important information like economic transactions, religious rituals, and laws. This way, the Harappans were able to preserve their culture and pass down their knowledge from generation to generation, enabling them to progress and develop their civilization further. The wheel was crucial for the Harappans because it made transportation of goods much easier and quicker. It allowed people to travel long distances and transport large quantities of goods efficiently and effectively. The Harappans were able to trade with other civilizations across long distances and establish connections with other cultures. The plough was a significant innov

WRITTEN BY HISTORY TEACHER                                            THIS ARE  methods used to establish colonial rule in eastafrica and uganda  1.USE OF RELIGION such as missionaries helped colonialist to pave their way into colonization through lying to the people that they preach the word of god   2.USE OF FORCE  this concqure with the  use of coessive apparatus such as police and other like millitary  OTHER METHODS WERE   3.use of gifts   4.use of coercive apparatus   5.use of political method   6.use of chattered compasnies                                                             

what were the causes of the mau mau rebellion? CAUSES OF THE MAU-MAU REBELLION It was due to unemployment of the ex-soldiers who had been promised jobs after the World War II, but instead were made porters on European-estates. Similarly, people were retrenched, traders pushed out to business by Asian retail trade monopoly and European settlers. Therefore by 1952 the young energetic African went to the forests of Abadare and Mountain Kenya Rift Valley and waged a violent offensive against the British hoping for a change. Africans wanted their land especially the Kikuyu who had been displaced from the fertile Kenya highlands. The European had used the support of the colonial government to take away land including the ancestral land to which they attached great value. Many were pushed into reserves and camps were they suffered from congestion, starvation and diseases like typhoid, cholera. It was a reaction against the Kipande system. This was a method of identity cards imposed on

what was the major obstacle toward independence in uganda Major obstacles in the struggle for Uganda’s independence The struggle for Uganda’s independence and generally the growth of African nationalism in Uganda was delayed/ disturbed by a number of factors. The high levels of illiteracy in Uganda affected the struggle. The few educated people Uganda had by 1945- 50 were mainly centered around Buganda only. This left the rest of the regions off the struggle for so many years. Lack of a common language in Uganda also disturbed the struggle for independence. Luganda ,Acholi and other languages were used by different groups to push for their tribal interests. This promoted the divide and rule policy of the colonialists Trade Union activities were limited in Uganda. The restrictions by colonialists had discouraged formation of trade unions which would have helped in the demand for independence. The limitations on the press delayed the struggle. The few news papers such as “Uganda E

  what are the factors that facilitated the attainment of independence in uganda Factors which facilitated the attainment of independence in Uganda. Many factors worked in favour of the rise and growth of nationalism in Uganda. It’s these factors that eventually led to the early independence of Uganda by 1962. They included: The impact of the Second World War (1939-1945) led to Uganda’s independence. Ex – soldiers came back with military skills and militant ideas leading to violent action like burning of white owned houses.  The rise of labour party into power in Britain in 1945 also forvoured Ugandan’s struggle for independence. This led to the appointment of some Ugandans on the Legico. The Manchester Conference of 1945 helped nationalism in Uganda. Its call for use for use of all means including force to fight for independence led to use of strikes in demanding for independence. Western education (especially through missionary schools) trained leaders for the independence mov

  what was the role played by political parties towards the independence of uganda itemprop="articleBody" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15.84px; line-height: 1.3; position: relative; width: 481.333px;">Political parties in Uganda after 1950. A number of political parties were formed or old ones revised after 1950. These were to lead the way towards Ugandan’s independence by 1962. Such parties included Uganda National Congress (UNC) 1952. Democratic party(DP)1954 The Progress Party (PP) 1955 United Congress Party(UCP) 1957 Uganda National Movement (UNM) 1959 Uganda People’s Union (UPU) 1958 Uganda People’s Congress (UPC) 1960 The Kabaka Yekka (KY) 1962. Role played by political parties in the struggle for Uganda’s independence. Parties trained leaders who helped to mobilize the masses in the demand for independence. They sensitized and educated Ugandans on the polit

See how Uganda developed two separate healthcare and legal systems   Uganda was a colonial creation that was formed by joining the kingdoms of Buganda and Bunyoro. In 1894, Uganda became a protectorate of the British Empire and was thereby administrated by the British. This collection provides a unique opportunity to explore this administration in Uganda in more detail. The collection compromises of over 50,000 pages of progress reports written by various government departments in Uganda. This collection, drawn from the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office records, contains a wealth of information on how Uganda was run by the British. The documents within the collection are dated between 1903 and 1961, just before Uganda’s independence from Britain in 1962. While there are some reports from the early 1900s the majority of the collection includes reports from the 1920s onwards. The documents are conveniently divided between 9 volumes, each compromising of reports from differen

  Role of transport and communication in the economic development of Africa Promotes industrial development. Means of  transport  influence the location of a given industry as they influence raw material availability, labour mobility and market accessibility for finished goods. Accessible areas are likely to attract more industrial establishments. Photo by James Wheeler on  Pexels.com Promotes local and international  trade . Expanded  transport and communication  in Africa has opened new trade areas and markets and encouraged mass production. Trade within Africa and the rest of the world has been enhanced by improved  transport . Promotes  tourism . Air transport is instrumental in transporting tourists to various game parks throughout Africa. Other tourists visit Africa via cruise ships. Opens up remote areas for exploitation. Remote areas with vast forest and  mineral  resources have been opened up for exploitation through the establishment of  transport and communication  networks.