Access to natural resources: Europe had abundant supplies of coal, iron, timber, and other natural resources that were necessary for industrialization.
Advances in technology: During the Industrial Revolution, innovations such as the steam engine, power loom, and spinning jenny transformed the manufacturing process and allowed for mass production.
Investment capital: The growth of European banking and financial systems enabled entrepreneurs to secure the investment capital needed to start factories and businesses.
Trade networks: Europe's well-established trade networks enabled the movement of goods and resources between regions, allowing for specialization and the growth of industrial centers.
Government policies: Some European governments provided incentives for industrialization, such as tariffs on imported goods or investments in infrastructure like transportation and communication networks.
Population growth: The increasing populations of Europe provided a large and growing consumer market for manufactured goods.
Education and training: The growth of schools and universities allowed for the development of skilled laborers and managers who could sustain the manufacturing industry.