NECTA History Notes for Form 1–6 (CSEE & ACSEE

Ghana’s Contribution to ECOWAS Introduction Ghana is one of the founding members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which was established in 1975 to promote economic cooperation, peace, and regional integration in West Africa. Ghana has played an important role in supporting the goals and activities of ECOWAS through political, economic, and social contributions. Ghana’s Major Contributions to ECOWAS 1. Promotion of regional integration Ghana actively supports regional cooperation among ECOWAS member states. The country participates in meetings, policy discussions, and regional programs aimed at strengthening unity and collaboration in West Africa. 2. Promotion of democracy and good governance Ghana is recognized as one of the most stable democratic countries in Africa. Through ECOWAS, Ghana promotes democratic values, peaceful elections, and respect for constitutional rule in the region. 3. Contribution to peace and security Ghana has contributed soldiers and s...

Reasons for the Resistance of the Nandi During the Construction of the Uganda Railway Introduction During the construction of the Uganda Railway in East Africa at the end of the 19th century, several African communities resisted colonial activities. One of the strongest resistances came from the Nandi people of Kenya, led by Koitalel Arap Samoei. The Nandi opposed the railway because it threatened their land, independence, and way of life. Reasons for the Nandi Resistance 1. Land alienation The construction of the railway passed through Nandi territory. This led to the loss of ancestral land that the Nandi depended on for grazing and settlement. 2. Fear of colonial domination The Nandi understood that the railway would make it easier for the British to control their land. They resisted to protect their independence and political authority. 3. Cultural and spiritual concerns The railway construction interfered with sacred areas and traditional practices of the Nandi people. This created...

Major Political Developments in Uganda During the First Eight Years of Independence Introduction Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962. The first eight years after independence were marked by important political changes that shaped the country’s future. These developments involved constitutional changes, power struggles, and the centralization of authority under Milton Obote. Major Political Developments in Uganda (1962–1970) 1. Independence of Uganda (1962) Uganda became independent from British colonial rule in 1962. Milton Obote, leader of the Uganda People’s Congress (UPC), became the first Prime Minister. 2. The 1962 Constitution Uganda adopted a constitution that created a parliamentary system of government. It also allowed some regions, especially Buganda, to maintain a degree of federal autonomy. 3. Formation of a Republic (1963) In 1963, Uganda became a republic. Sir Edward Mutesa II became the ceremonial President, while Milton Obote remained Prime Ministe...

Collapse of the Cooperative Movement in Uganda after Independence After independence in 1962, the cooperative movement in Uganda began to decline due to political, economic, and administrative challenges. Although cooperatives had played an important role in marketing agricultural products such as coffee and cotton, they later collapsed because of the following reasons: 1. Political instability Uganda experienced frequent political changes after independence, especially during the governments of Milton Obote and Idi Amin. These unstable political conditions interfered with cooperative administration and weakened their operations. 2. Government interference The government began to control cooperative societies too much. Leaders were sometimes appointed based on political loyalty rather than competence, which led to poor management and corruption within cooperatives. 3. Economic mismanagement Poor economic policies reduced the efficiency of cooperatives. For example, nationalization poli...

Why the British Applied Indirect Rule in Uganda The British used the Indirect Rule system of administration in Uganda because it was easier, cheaper, and more effective to govern through existing African leaders. Indirect rule meant governing colonies through traditional rulers such as kings, chiefs, and local councils instead of using many British officials. The following were the main reasons why the British applied indirect rule in Uganda: 1. To reduce administrative costs Indirect rule was cheaper because the British did not need to employ many European administrators. They used local chiefs and kings to collect taxes, maintain law and order, and administer justice. 2. Presence of strong traditional kingdoms Uganda had well-organized kingdoms such as Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro, and Ankole. These existing political systems made it easier for the British to rule through local leaders. 3. Shortage of British administrators The British did not have enough manpower to administer all their c...

 A. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah: Dr. Kwame Nkrumah played a central and influential role in the struggle for independence in West Africa, particularly in Ghana. As the first Prime Minister and later President of Ghana, Nkrumah became a symbol of African nationalism and Pan-Africanism. Here are some key aspects of his role: 1. **Leadership in the independence movement**: Nkrumah emerged as a charismatic leader and advocate for Ghanaian independence from British colonial rule. He founded the Convention People's Party (CPP) in 1949, which spearheaded the independence movement through mass mobilization, protests, and civil disobedience campaigns. 2. **Pan-African vision**: Nkrumah was a staunch advocate for Pan-Africanism, the idea of African unity and solidarity against colonialism and imperialism. He played a leading role in organizing the All-African People's Conference in 1958 and the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, which promoted cooperation and s...