HISTORY REFERENCE NOTES FOR BOTH ACSEE AND CSEE

 Internal Factors for Independence in Africa: Rising nationalism: Many African intellectuals and politicians who had been educated in the West began to see the contradictions of Western imperialism, resulting in a growing desire among Africans for political and economic self-determination. Emergence of strong local leaders: Many African countries had emerged with strong local leaders who were committed to national independence movements such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya. Urbanization: Industrialization and urbanization of Africa led to the formation of an educated African middle class that was eager to see changes in the political and economic landscape of the continent. Political Instability: European colonial powers often created divisions between different ethnic groups, which led to political instability and economic underdevelopment. This internal strife often led to calls for self-determination and independence....

 The war between Tanzania and Uganda, also known as the Uganda–Tanzania War, occurred between 1978 and 1979. Here are some of the reasons for the war: Border disputes: Uganda claimed part of the Kagera Salient in northwest Tanzania, which led to tensions between the two countries. Idi Amin's aggressive foreign policy: Uganda's dictator, Idi Amin, pursued an aggressive foreign policy and supported several armed groups that were opposed to Tanzania's President Julius Nyerere. Tanzania's support for exiled Ugandan politicians: Tanzania provided a safe haven for Ugandan opposition politicians who had been forced into exile by the Amin regime. Economic factors: Uganda accused Tanzania of supporting rebels who were disrupting transportation on the Kampala-Mwanza Highway, which was an important economic lifeline for Uganda's economy. Power struggle within the East African Community: The conflict also reflected a broader power struggle between Tanzania an...

 The Berlin Conference was held in 1884-1885, and it was attended by representatives of most major European powers. The conference was called to establish rules for the partition and colonization of Africa. The following are the main resolutions of the Berlin Conference: The European powers agreed to respect the freedom of trade and commerce in the Congo Basin and the Niger and Congo Rivers. The powers agreed to establish the principle of effective occupation, meaning that a European power had to demonstrate that it had established effective control over a territory before it could claim ownership. The powers agreed to suppress the slave trade and slavery in the territories they controlled. The powers established the boundaries and spheres of influence of their colonies in Africa. The conference did not take into account the territorial and ethnic diversity of Africa, leading to arbitrary borders that divided ethnic groups and created lasting conflicts. The conferenc...

 The Boer trek was a movement of Dutch farmers in the early 19th century, who moved northward to escape British rule and the abolition of slavery. The reasons and effects of the Boer trek are as follows: Reasons: British annexation: The British annexed the Cape Colony, which was previously ruled by the Dutch Boers and introduced laws that abolished slavery. Overcrowding: The Boers were facing considerable overcrowding in the Cape Colony, which made it difficult for them to farm effectively. Political differences: The Boers had a different political system from the British, which caused tension between the two groups. Effects: Formation of independent Boer republics: The Boers formed independent republics, such as the Orange Free State and Transvaal, where they could govern themselves without British interference. Increased Boer nationalism: The Boers developed a strong sense of nationalism and pride in their cultural identity. Conflicts with indigenous populat...

 Industrialization: With the rise of industrialization, many people were no longer financially dependent on slavery. Enlightenment ideas: The ideology of the Enlightenment period highlighted the importance of individual rights, equality, and liberty for all. This led to the questioning of slavery as a moral and ethical issue. The rise of abolitionist movements: From the early 18th century, groups of antislavery advocates began to emerge, which intensified the call for the abolition of the slave trade. Economic factors: The profits from the slave trade began to decline in the second half of the 18th century. More profitable economic activities such as the Industrial Revolution replaced slavery as a way to generate wealth. Slave resistance: Slave revolts in various parts of the world, such as the Haitian Revolution, showed that slaves were capable of fighting for their freedom and inspired antislavery advocates. International pressure: Many nations prohibited th...

 Explorers played a key role in the colonization of Africa which occurred primarily during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of the roles of explorers in the colonization of Africa are: Mapping of Africa: Explorers were able to provide maps and information about Africa which enabled colonial powers to better control and exploit the continent. Establishing trade relations: Explorers established trade relations with African communities, some of which led to the establishment of colonies in those areas. Gathering intelligence: Explorers provided information on the geography, resources, and people of Africa which informed colonial policies and actions. Scientific research: Many explorers were also scientists who conducted research on the flora, fauna, and geology of Africa. This helped to promote the study of African natural history and brought knowledge of African resources and biodiversity to the attention of colonial powers. Expeditions to claim territory: Explo...

 Access to natural resources: Europe had abundant supplies of coal, iron, timber, and other natural resources that were necessary for industrialization. Advances in technology: During the Industrial Revolution, innovations such as the steam engine, power loom, and spinning jenny transformed the manufacturing process and allowed for mass production. Investment capital: The growth of European banking and financial systems enabled entrepreneurs to secure the investment capital needed to start factories and businesses. Trade networks: Europe's well-established trade networks enabled the movement of goods and resources between regions, allowing for specialization and the growth of industrial centers. Government policies: Some European governments provided incentives for industrialization, such as tariffs on imported goods or investments in infrastructure like transportation and communication networks. Population growth: The increasing populations of Europe provided a larg...